Headaches are one of the most common pain-related health problems in both children and adults. You may have a headache along with another minor health problem such as a sore throat, cold, or sinus problem.
Types of headaches
The most common types of headaches usually are not serious but may occur again and again.
Tension headaches
are the most common type of headache and are often caused by stress and emotional strain. Most adults have tension headaches from time to time.
Cluster headaches
Migraine headaches.
Approximately one-third of people who have migraine headaches first began having them as teenagers.
Common causes of headaches
Common causes of headaches include:
Alcohol, caffeine, or other drug use or withdrawal.
Changes in the levels of chemicals in the body (neurotransmitters).
Coughing or sneezing.
Dehydration.
Dental problems or procedures, such as pain from grinding the teeth or from a root canal.
Eating or drinking cold foods and fluids.
Emotional stress.
Exposure to smoke or fumes from chemicals, including carbon monoxide.
Eyestrain.
Fever.
High altitude. Lower oxygen levels at high altitudes can cause headaches.
High blood pressure (hypertension).
Infection in the sinuses, such as sinusitis or an abscess.
Medical procedures, such as the aftereffects of a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
Medicines. Many medicines can cause headaches.
Muscle strain in the neck, upper back, or shoulder muscles.
Upper respiratory infections.
Headaches with other serious symptoms
Although rare, a headache may be a sign of a serious illness. Other symptoms, such as vomiting, dizziness, or changes in vision, may also be present. The following serious illnesses or injuries can cause headaches.
A head injury:
Injury to the brain
Fracture of the skull
Bleeding in or around the brain
Brain tumor, which causes swelling within the brain.
Infection in the brain (encephalitis) or of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Stroke, a problem that occurs when a blood vessel (artery) that supplies blood to the brain bursts or is blocked by a blood clot.
A rupture of a blood vessel with bleeding in or around the brain (aneurysm)
What are cluster headaches?
Cluster headaches are severe, one-sided headaches that recur in groups, or "clusters," over a period of weeks to months. While common headaches can be painful, cluster headaches can be debilitating. Although cluster headaches can be temporarily disabling, they do not cause permanent damage.
Cluster headaches are relatively rare, and they are one of the few types of headaches that affect men more often than women.
What causes cluster headaches?
The cause of cluster headaches is unknown. They may be genetic, since people whose parents or siblings have cluster headaches are at more risk for developing them.
Cluster headaches may be caused by a problem in an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. This area of the brain seems to be more active in people who have cluster headaches.
If you are prone to cluster headaches, certain triggers may cause a headache or make one worse. These triggers often include alcohol; sleep apnea (regularly stopping breathing during sleep); stress; fatigue; or certain medications that widen blood vessels (vasodilators), such as nitroglycerin or histamine.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms include burning or sharp, piercing pain on one side of your head. The pain radiates around the temple and eye, with the affected eye becoming red, watery, or puffy. The eyelid may droop, and you may have a runny or stuffy nose on the affected side.
The pain usually intensifies quickly—within 5 to 10 minutes of onset—and may last for around 30 minutes to several hours. These headaches may begin at night, within 2 to 3 hours of falling asleep. They may start while you are dreaming, but they can occur at any time. Cluster headaches can continue for days, weeks, or months before you stop having symptoms (remission). You may not have another cycle of cluster headaches for months or years. Less commonly, your headaches may become chronic and continuous.
How are cluster headaches diagnosed?
Cluster headaches are diagnosed with a medical history and physical examination. Your health professional will usually be able to identify cluster headaches from your description of the type and location of pain, duration and pattern of headaches, and how frequently the headaches occur.
Imaging tests (such as a CT scan or an MRI) are not usually needed to help find a treatment for your pain. Your doctor may order imaging tests to rule out other conditions, especially if the pattern of your pain is not typical of cluster headaches. Most headaches are not caused by life-threatening medical conditions and do not need imaging tests.
How are they treated?
Although there is no cure for cluster headaches, treatment may reduce the frequency of headaches, severity of pain, and possibly shorten the duration of each cycle of headaches. Medications taken daily to prevent headaches (prophylactic headache medications, such as verapamil) may help reduce the frequency or severity of cluster headaches. Medications to stop a headache (abortive headache medications, such as sumatriptan) may stop a cycle of headaches or prevent it from getting worse after it starts.
Another effective treatment is high-flow oxygen. Breathing in pure oxygen relieves cluster headache pain almost immediately—within 10 to 20 minutes—for many people who have cluster headaches.
You also may reduce the frequency of cluster headaches by avoiding alcohol, not smoking, reducing stress, and maintaining a regular sleep schedule.
